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ISC2 SSCP Exam Dumps
Systems Security Certified Practitioner
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ISC2 SSCP Sample Question Answers
Question # 1
What can be defined as an instance of two different keys generating the same ciphertext from the same plaintext?
A. Key collision B. Key clustering C. Hashing D. Ciphertext collision
Answer: B
Explanation:
Key clustering happens when a plaintext message generates identical ciphertext messages using
the same transformation algorithm, but with different keys.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten
Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (page 130).
Question # 2
Which of the following services is NOT provided by the digital signature standard (DSS)?
A. Encryption B. Integrity C. Digital signature D. Authentication
Answer: A
Explanation:
DSS provides Integrity, digital signature and Authentication, but does not provide Encryption.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten
Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (page 160).
Question # 3
Which of the following type of cryptography is used when both parties use the same key tocommunicate securely with each other?
A. Symmetric Key Cryptography B. PKI - Public Key Infrastructure C. Diffie-Hellman D. DSS - Digital Signature Standard
Answer: A
Explanation:
Symmetric-key algorithms are a class of algorithms for cryptography that use the same
cryptographic keys for both encryption of plaintext (sender) and decryption of ciphertext (receiver).
The keys may be identical, in practice, they represent a shared secret between two or more
parties that can be used to maintain a private information link.
This requirement that both parties have access to the secret key is one of the main drawbacks of
symmetric key encryption, in comparison to public-key encryption. This is also known as secret
key encryption. In symmetric key cryptography, each end of the conversation must have the same
key or they cannot decrypt the message sent to them by the other party.
Symmetric key crypto is very fast but more difficult to manage due to the need to distribute the key
in a secure means to all parts needing to decrypt the data. There is no key management built
within Symmetric crypto.
PKI provides CIA - Confidentiality (Through encryption) Integrity (By guaranteeing that the
message hasn't change in transit) and Authentication (Non-repudiation). Symmetric key crypto
provides mostly Confidentiality.
The following answers are incorrect:
- PKI - Public Key Infrastructure: This is the opposite of symmetric key crypto. Each side in PKI
has their own private key and public key. What one key encrypt the other one can decrypt. You
make use of the receiver public key to communicate securely with a remote user. The receiver will
use their matching private key to decrypt the data.
- Diffie-Hellman: Sorry, this is an asymmetric key technique. It is used for key agreement over an
insecure network such as the Internet. It allows two parties who has never met to negotiate a
secret key over an insecure network while preventing Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attacks.
- DSS - Digital Signature Standard: Sorry, this is an asymmetric key technique.
The following reference(s) was used to create this question:
To learn more about this QUESTION NO: s and 100% of the Security+ CBK, subscribe to our
Holistic Computer Based Tutorial (CBT) on our Learning Management System at:
Which of the following answers is described as a random value used in cryptographic algorithmsto ensure that patterns are not created during the encryption process?
A. IV - Initialization Vector B. Stream Cipher C. OTP - One Time Pad D. Ciphertext
Answer: A
Explanation:
The basic power in cryptography is randomness. This uncertainty is why encrypted data is
unusable to someone without the key to decrypt.
Initialization Vectors are a used with encryption keys to add an extra layer of randomness to
encrypted data. If no IV is used the attacker can possibly break the keyspace because of patterns
resulting in the encryption process. Implementation such as DES in Code Book Mode (CBC)
would allow frequency analysis attack to take place.
In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable (SV)is a fixed-size input to a
cryptographic primitive that is typically required to be random or pseudorandom. Randomization is
crucial for encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage
of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between
segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by so-called
modes of operation. Randomization is also required for other primitives, such as universal hash
functions and message authentication codes based thereon.
It is define by TechTarget as:
An initialization vector (IV) is an arbitrary number that can be used along with a secret key for data
encryption. This number, also called a nonce, is employed only one time in any session.
The use of an IV prevents repetition in data encryption, making it more difficult for a hacker using a
dictionary attack to find patterns and break a cipher. For example, a sequence might appear twice
or more within the body of a message. If there are repeated sequences in encrypted data, an
attacker could assume that the corresponding sequences in the message were also identical. The
IV prevents the appearance of corresponding duplicate character sequences in the ciphertext.
The following answers are incorrect:
- Stream Cipher: This isn't correct. A stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits
are combined with pseudorandom key stream to product cipher text.
- OTP - One Time Pad: This isn't correct but OTP is made up of random values used as key
material. (Encryption key) It is considered by most to be unbreakable but must be changed with a
new key after it is used which makes it impractical for common use.
- Ciphertext: Sorry, incorrect answer. Ciphertext is basically text that has been encrypted with key
material (Encryption key)
The following reference(s) was used to create this question:
For more details on this TOPIC and other QUESTION NO: s of the Security+ CBK, subscribe to
Which type of encryption is considered to be unbreakable if the stream is truly random and is aslarge as the plaintext and never reused in whole or part?
A. One Time Pad (OTP) B. One time Cryptopad (OTC) C. Cryptanalysis D. Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
Answer: A
Explanation:
OTP or One Time Pad is considered unbreakable if the key is truly random and is as large as the
plaintext and never reused in whole or part AND kept secret.
In cryptography, a one-time pad is a system in which a key generated randomly is used only once
to encrypt a message that is then decrypted by the receiver using the matching one-time pad and
key. Messages encrypted with keys based on randomness have the advantage that there is
theoretically no way to "break the code" by analyzing a succession of messages. Each encryption
is unique and bears no relation to the next encryption so that some pattern can be detected.
With a one-time pad, however, the decrypting party must have access to the same key used to
encrypt the message and this raises the problem of how to get the key to the decrypting party
safely or how to keep both keys secure. One-time pads have sometimes been used when the both
parties started out at the same physical location and then separated, each with knowledge of the
keys in the one-time pad. The key used in a one-time pad is called a secret key because if it is
revealed, the messages encrypted with it can easily be deciphered.
One-time pads figured prominently in secret message transmission and espionage before and
during World War II and in the Cold War era. On the Internet, the difficulty of securely controlling
secret keys led to the invention of public key cryptography.
The biggest challenge with OTP was to get the pad security to the person or entity you wanted to
communicate with. It had to be done in person or using a trusted courrier or custodian. It certainly
did not scale up very well and it would not be usable for large quantity of data that needs to be
encrypted as we often time have today.
The following answers are incorrect:
- One time Cryptopad: Almost but this isn't correct. Cryptopad isn't a valid term in cryptography.
- Cryptanalysis: Sorry, incorrect. Cryptanalysis is the process of analyzing information in an effort
to breach the cryptographic security systems.
- PGP - Pretty Good Privacy: PGP, written by Phil Zimmermann is a data encryption and
decryption program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication for data. Still isn't the
right answer though. Read more here about PGP.
The following reference(s) was used to create this question:
To get more info on this QUESTION NO: s or any QUESTION NO: s of Security+, subscribe to the
Which protocol makes USE of an electronic wallet on a customer's PC and sends encrypted credi card information to merchant's Web server, which digitally signs it and sends it on to its processing bank?
A. SSH ( Secure Shell) B. S/MIME (Secure MIME) C. SET (Secure Electronic Transaction) D. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
Answer: C
Explanation:
As protocol was introduced by Visa and Mastercard to allow for more credit card transaction
possibilities. It is comprised of three different pieces of software, running on the customer's PC (an
electronic wallet), on the merchant's Web server and on the payment server of the merchant's
bank. The credit card information is sent by the customer to the merchant's Web server, but it
does not open it and instead digitally signs it and sends it to its bank's payment server for
processing.
The following answers are incorrect because :
SSH (Secure Shell) is incorrect as it functions as a type of tunneling mechanism that provides
terminal like access to remote computers.
S/MIME is incorrect as it is a standard for encrypting and digitally signing electronic mail and for
providing secure data transmissions.
SSL is incorrect as it uses public key encryption and provides data encryption, server
authentication, message integrity, and optional client authentication.
When we encrypt or decrypt data there is a basic operation involving ones and zeros where theyare compared in a process that looks something like this:0101 0001 Plain text0111 0011 Key stream0010 0010 OutputWhat is this cryptographic operation called?
A. Exclusive-OR B. Bit Swapping C. Logical-NOR D. Decryption
Answer: A
Explanation:
When we encrypt data we are basically taking the plaintext information and applying some key
material or keystream and conducting something called an XOR or Exclusive-OR operation.
The symbol used for XOR is the following: This is a type of cipher known as a stream cipher.
The operation looks like this:
0101 0001 Plain text
0111 0011 Key stream
0010 0010 Output (ciphertext)
As you can see, it's not simple addition and the XOR Operation uses something called a truth
table that explains why 0+1=1 and 1+1=0.
The rules are simples, if both bits are the same the result is zero, if both bits are not the same the
result is one.
The following answers are incorrect:
- Bit Swapping: Incorrect. This isn't a known cryptographic operations.
- Logical NOR: Sorry, this isn't correct but is where only 0+0=1. All other combinations of 1+1, 1+0
equals 0. More on NOR here.
- Decryption: Sorry, this is the opposite of the process of encryption or, the process of applying the
keystream to the plaintext to get the resulting encrypted text.
The following reference(s) was used to create this question:
For more details on XOR and all other QUESTION NO: s of cryptography. Subscribe to our holistic
The Diffie-Hellman algorithm is primarily used to provide which of the following?
A. Confidentiality B. Key Agreement C. Integrity D. Non-repudiation
Answer: B
Explanation:
Diffie and Hellman describe a means for two parties to agree upon a shared secret in such a way
that the secret will be unavailable to eavesdroppers. This secret may then be converted into
cryptographic keying material for other (symmetric) algorithms. A large number of minor variants of
this process exist. See RFC 2631 Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method for more details.
In 1976, Diffie and Hellman were the first to introduce the notion of public key cryptography,
requiring a system allowing the exchange of secret keys over non-secure channels. The DiffieHellman algorithm is used for key exchange between two parties communicating with each other,
it cannot be used for encrypting and decrypting messages, or digital signature.
Diffie and Hellman sought to address the issue of having to exchange keys via courier and other
unsecure means. Their efforts were the FIRST asymmetric key agreement algorithm. Since the
Diffie-Hellman algorithm cannot be used for encrypting and decrypting it cannot provide
confidentiality nor integrity. This algorithm also does not provide for digital signature functionality
and thus non-repudiation is not a choice.
NOTE: The DH algorithm is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks.
KEY AGREEMENT VERSUS KEY EXCHANGE
A key exchange can be done multiple way. It can be done in person, I can generate a key and
then encrypt the key to get it securely to you by encrypting it with your public key. A Key
Agreement protocol is done over a public medium such as the internet using a mathematical
formula to come out with a common value on both sides of the communication link, without the
ennemy being able to know what the common agreement is.
The following answers were incorrect:
All of the other choices were not correct choices
Reference(s) used for this question:
Shon Harris, CISSP All In One (AIO), 6th edition . Chapter 7, Cryptography, Page 812.
You work in a police department forensics lab where you examine computers for evidence ofcrimes. Your work is vital to the success of the prosecution of criminals.One day you receive a laptop and are part of a two man team responsible for examining ittogether. However, it is lunch time and after receiving the laptop you leave it on your desk and youboth head out to lunch.What critical step in forensic evidence have you forgotten?
A. Chain of custody B. Locking the laptop in your desk C. Making a disk image for examination D. Cracking the admin password with chntpw
Answer: A
Explanation:
When evidence from a crime is to be used in the prosecution of a criminal it is critical that you
follow the law when handling that evidence. Part of that process is called chain of custody and is
when you maintain proactive and documented control over ALL evidence involved in a crime.
Failure to do this can lead to the dismissal of charges against a criminal because if the evidence is
compromised because you failed to maintain of chain of custody.
A chain of custody is chronological documentation for evidence in a particular case, and is
especially important with electronic evidence due to the possibility of fraudulent data alteration,
deletion, or creation. A fully detailed chain of custody report is necessary to prove the physical
custody of a piece of evidence and show all parties that had access to said evidence at any given
time.
Evidence must be protected from the time it is collected until the time it is presented in court.
The following answers are incorrect:
- Locking the laptop in your desk: Even this wouldn't assure that the defense team would try to
challenge chain of custody handling. It's usually easy to break into a desk drawer and evidence
should be stored in approved safes or other storage facility.
- Making a disk image for examination: This is a key part of system forensics where we make a
disk image of the evidence system and study that as opposed to studying the real disk drive. That
could lead to loss of evidence. However if the original evidence is not secured than the chain of
custoday has not been maintained properly.
- Cracking the admin password with chntpw: This isn't correct. Your first mistake was to
compromise the chain of custody of the laptop. The chntpw program is a Linux utility to (re)set the
password of any user that has a valid (local) account on a Windows system, by modifying the
crypted password in the registry's SAM file. You do not need to know the old password to set a
new one. It works offline which means you must have physical access (i.e., you have to shutdown
your computer and boot off a linux floppy disk). The bootdisk includes stuff to access NTFS
partitions and scripts to glue the whole thing together. This utility works with SYSKEY and includes
the option to turn it off. A bootdisk image is provided on their website at
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